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Fly Tipping and Litter
Litter is an issue that impacts us all and our shared spaces we have all seen the value of our communal spaces so how do we protect these and ensure protection for our communities.
Now an area of Rural Crime is very important to residents as well as impactful on the local environment. Now firstly whilst we all know what littering is Fly Tipping, now this is the illegal dumping of waste on a given location.
One impact which we have to address is where the waste is dumped now whilst police forces including those in Suffolk are working to reduce the crimes they cannot be everywhere at all times. Often when they are alerted to a site they are able to put measures in place to reduce the return of Tippers however, this often causes them to simply find another site. It is also relevant to mention that unlike incidents tipped on public land the farmers often will be responsible for the cleanup. Now in conversation with my colleagues in the sector, this often causes unnecessary cost and can impact livestock, machinery or crops which has unintended consequences as the farmer will both have to cover any damages, clean up the site correctly and protect their site. These cases are also not just small scale occurrences one of the largest Tyre dumps with five hundred tyres have been dumped on a Suffolk. Now, this was committed on a farm between Monks Eleigh and Milden, not through small cars dumping goods but an opportunistic HGV that was spotted. The distress and financial pressure which this likely brought to the farmer who would be saddled with the bill are fundamentally unfair and justice needs to be served by those who committed the offence. In terms of the statistics, Suffolk was at three thousand and eighty incidents which dropped slightly to three thousand and twenty-three. Two hundred and thirty-five of these are in Barbergh the figures are not calculated yearly by region but the district council is investigating the level of industrial waste which has been dropped over the recent lockdown.
What are the laws and whose duty does it fall on, firstly nationally it is the responsibility of the environment agency to work to resolve this particular rural crime. Legally they can be fined up to £50,000 however, this is the maximum, not the average amount fined. From my conversation with Tim Passmore, we mutually agreed that sequestering the assets of the individual or group involved is also something that must be done this is linked to the Magistrates Court system. Whereas the Crown Court has unlimited fines and a five-year prison sentence. Again these are up to five years or an unlimited fine the selection of which court depends on the severity of the crime and is largely dependent on contributory factors such as damages to land or property. Now although the EA has a focus on protecting the environment management of these space falls to your county and district councils in Babergh. Now whilst the council has to move dangerous debris and litter from roads or public spaces where they pose a danger litter on private land is the responsibility regrettably of the landowner (the UK Rules, 2021). Now my concern here is for those on private land who are often saddled with both the legal necessity that they have to clear the rubbish otherwise risking further fines. This can often be because of the nature of the rubbish and its effect on the land as well as those surrounding the dumpsite. I stand by calls by councils that further cost should not be imposed on the landowner by making it free for them to dispose of the waste for no cost. This is something that is already being called for by East Suffolk I believe this should be adopted by all Suffolk Councils.
The information that you need for relevance is the time when you have seen the incident and the date that you have seen it if you have seen them dump the rubbish. Descriptions of the individual and of the vehicle try to get make, model, and licence plate. Identify what the rubbish is and if there was anything specific about the site such as if rubbish was there before finally take as many photos or videos as you can. Also do not at any point confront them or examine the waste leave the seen undisturbed. Now in the public sector, this can also directly impact those who use the streets, roads, highways and our local green spaces. We need to do our best to ensure that we do not contribute we can also get involved with local activism to clean up our green spaces. Whilst councillors should continue to ensure that our highways team are able to keep our roads clean and safeguard our green spaces.
Now, what methods are being practiced around the UK to deter fly-tipping and littering. The police forces in Suffolk and nationally will try to use surveillance systems to ensure that we can have a notable reduction in waste dumping. However, this relies on either mobile surveillance sites or fixed cameras that have a cost limitation. Some methods which have had some impact is arguably the same method we use in honesty boxes for fruit and vege stalls or for eggs in our rural areas. The science indicates that if we place eyes or pictures of eyes above the at-risk areas they arguably reduce the spread of litter in these areas why? “The feeling of being watched”. The final point to bring up is that of a scheme carried out by Croydon Council which incorporated a Hall of Shame where litters or fly-tippers pictures are shared to further act as a deterrent.
If you have had any incidence of Fly Tipping contact the police at 101, Babergh council on 0300 123 4000 (option 7) or crime stoppers https://crimestoppers-uk.org/ also use fixmystreet to flag any concerns. https://www.fixmystreet.com/around?js=1&zoom=2&lat=52.10757&lon=0.79541 or https://www.mysociety.org/wehelpyou/report-fly-tipping-to-your-local-council/
https://www.ipswichstar.co.uk/news/suffolk-rubbish-dump-local-authority-defra-figures-7795404
https://www.suffolkrecycling.org.uk/fly-tipping
https://www.theukrules.co.uk/rules/legal/community/littering/fly-tipping.html
https://www.suffolk.gov.uk/planning-waste-and-environment/fly-tipping/
https://www.ipswichstar.co.uk/news/east-suffolk-and-cla-flytipping-waste-figures-response-7807738
https://www.eadt.co.uk/news/john-west-letter-a12-a14-litter-2690654
https://www.keepbritaintidy.org/faqs/advice/fly-tipping-and-law
https://www.keepbritaintidy.org/local-authorities/reduce-litter/fly-tipping/policy
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-37350153
World Wildlife Day
The importance of wildlife and diversity in the natural world has never been as much as a focal point as it is today we all appreciated the opportunity to escapee lockdown wows with green vestigates. Now it is our turn to protect these valuable green spaces.
First of all, to raise awareness, different organisations worldwide show what affects disappearing wildlife by linking it to their branding. Now, why are they doing this?
In today's article, I discuss what the day brings awareness for. The reason why we need to keep wildlife at the centre of our policies. What we can do to help as general citizens.
Now the impact which humans have on the natural world is plain and clear for everyone to see. The importance of days such as today to highlight our place in the world and are impacts is crucial. Now what these days do is highlight what we can do better rather than encourage a sense of regret because we need to recognise what we can do better.
In terms of highlighting impacts on various animals, countries such as India highlight their rich wildlife and make it clear that their natural heritage is essential. In particular, the steps taken toward the reintroduction of other predators like Cheetahs show that they recognise that as well as maintaining the existing animals in the region, they need to reintroduce historic species to help the region recover. Countries such as India recognise the need to promote greater cohesion with wildlife organisations, such as how UK football clubs highlight the impact of World Wildlife day by removing animals from their logos. This is more for publicity, making more people aware of the effects we are having and raising awareness. This links us to the theme this year, where we look at how Forests and Livelihoods: Sustain People and the Planet.
My interest in this field is the impact that our industries have on pollinators. Comprehending how they utilise their habitats effectively is key to understanding how to preserve the species and biodiversity. The crux of this process is applied broadly to other animal conservation. Noting the importance of conservation projects and planting endeavours to help the animals recover in their environment. Comparing this with infrastructure projects that restore the vibrance of our woodlands. In Suffolk, the focus needs to be on developing works in the conservation and regenerative agriculture fields. For the Agricultural sector to grow in a sustainable direction, research needs to identify areas that producers can continue developing to maximise sustainable growth for both the industries and wildlife.
My interest in pollinators, significantly the benefits they bring to the natural world for flora and their important place in food webs. Now forests have a significant advantage in terms of how they safeguard the planet. They are quoted as being the lungs of our world. We need to recognise how we sustainably grow to limit our damage to these valuable green spaces. Many flora species have contributed to our medicines and food production. Each year, new resources, such as; plants, pharmaceutical, food resources, and natural beauty, are discovered alongside animal species. We also need to remember that the natural biodiversity all reduces how many species densely congregate in a given space. This is key for epidemiological reasons are it provides a barrier against disease spread. While animals would naturally interact in forests or different biomes, their interaction frequency is limited outside of the human environment. The increased interaction in intensive settings like wet markets has arguably lead to an increase in disease spread.
So in terms of how you can protect animals in terms of policy areas, the Dutch indeed lead the way in giving animals a front and place centre in their infrastructure projects. Often building animals into their design, they include Wildlife corridors, giving animals access to other habitats, enabling more extraordinary biodiversity and not limiting them to a closed environment and isolated population. This is a more expensive form of infrastructure design, but it is crucial we need to reflect on this when we look at designing our environments at home. Connecting farms via hedgerows and allowing green spaces to be connected, not isolated. Countries like Rwanda, India, Scotland, and Costa Rica are increasing the number of trees they are planting to increase forest cover and biodiversity. In Suffolk, we are doing the same thing by establishing our memorial woodlands and engaging in our own planting initiatives. Countries like Zambia have set up organisations to monitor and regulate our impact on animals ensuring they have the opportunity to thrive in the environment. Countries like Canada, the Central African Republic, Zimbabwe, Bhutan, Tanzania, and Botswana have invested heavily in National parks and the different safeguards that can establish vestiges of protection for vulnerable habitats. Norway and Namibia have particular safeguards in their policy that recognise protected species and safeguard animals in law and society.
Now to summarise how you can help as well as engaging in conservation projects locally, you can also make sure your home is wildlife-friendly. Whether that be providing food and resources for animals that are unable to find resources at particular times of the year, such as Hedgehogs. Putting wildlife shelters in place or bird boxes to offer them an alternative home to replace the lack of suitable nesting sites. Planting trees and hedges which are ideal for nesting and foraging, which animals can use as valuable resources. In terms of what these plants are, heritage plants are good places to start but think Blackthorn, Hawthorn, Dogwood. Think about what you can offer to animals. Can you provide food for animals or even small plants for pollinators in the window? Could you plant a heritage hedge? Can you get involved with other projects rewilding, tree planting or conservation projects?
https://rr-africa.oie.int/en/projects/world-wildlife-day-2021-forests-and-livelihoods-sustaining-people-and-planet/
https://www.republicworld.com/lifestyle/festivals/world-wildlife-day-here-is-the-theme-history-and-significance-of-this-day.html
https://www.discoverwildlife.com/news/world-wildlife-day-when-is-it-this-years-theme-and-how-to-take-part/
https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/which-countries-are-the-best-in-wildlife-conservation.html
https://nationaltoday.com/world-wildlife-day/
https://www.rightmove.co.uk/news/articles/three-top-tips-to-help-give-nature-a-home-in-your-garden/
Biodiversity is the World Now Waking Up
With the UNs new report on biodiversity, I offer my summary of the need for biodiversity action to ensure that the world takes a step forward for the environment.
With the recent Biodiversity summit addressing the needs of wildlife are we finally waking up to Natures needs? Alternatively, is this another global initiative where we sign up to different arbitrary targets which the countries of the world will not meet?
We are aware of our fundamental need to understand nature from an academic point of view preparing the next generation of scholars to conserve our natural world, helping us address how to live with it. When linking this to other academic disciplines such as agriculture and food production, we have to understand how we both produce the resources we need sustainably. However, what do we need from nature other than what we produce, such as; the living and non-living environment.
A leading issue, however, is although many of us are becoming increasingly aware of our impact on nature, we need to do more seventy-five percent of the Earth's surface has been directly affected by human needs and endeavours leaving nature only small pockets of unaffected areas left. Many scientists argue to this degree that we are in the next mass extinction of our planet. Once an exceedingly large number of the world's animals and plants have gone extinct in short succession, this has led to the classification of a Mass Extinction. The planet has already gone through five, and we are arguably in the sixth due to human impacts. The question then that the UN biodiversity report aims to prevent is the rapid extinction of many of these species within the next decade.
Now, why is this fundamentally we do not live sustainably within the environment you only have to look at recent events such as starting to move toward a low plastic world but then once face-masks became the norm an equally damaging incarnation replaced the old litter. Often the lack of care taken for our planet will vary well have far-reaching impacts if we do not have the care to act soon, and this varies from the individual citizen to the large corporations. Now alongside a duty of stewardship for our planet, we have to reflect on both trends which are impacting the Earth the loss of forests as well as valuable topsoil due to desertification and deforestation. This accompanied with 2020s most talked about crisis the coronavirus has highlighted how interconnected we are to the fragile ecosystems of the world, and we ignore the signs at our peril. By often trading in exotic animals and low standards of biosecurity and welfare, we increase the risk of zoonoses and disease emergence.
Now in the case of some animals, if they can adapt, they may well survive the impacts we have had on their populations such as the African Elephant which has displayed changes in the tusk length due to natural selection now favouring short tusked individuals due to increases in poaching of the long tusked individuals. Now whilst plants and animals that we use are abundant in terms of their number, we use relatively small varieties focusing on select families of plants and animals for given functions. This is because they fit our demands for them. However, we also do not know what other discoveries await us, and we must ensure that we leave ourselves the opportunity to do this as a move toward a more sustainable direction. To delve into more detail of how we can do this, we must address both sustainable measures, locally, nationally and internationally.
Fleece hold: where one's castle becomes their burden
Now an Englishmen’s home is their castle but for me, on new build estates, these castles can turn into a burden. Now how does a fresh new property become a cumbersome burden “Fleecehold”.
An English men's home is their castle but with the recent increase in the amount of Freehold homes which are found to be better befitting the name Fleecehold. Why is this? It is often because of covenants or agreements which have been placed on the property by the developer. The owner is contractually obligated to pay a fee to a management company often owned by the same company or with shared board members as the developer. The management company often then contracts out the maintenance to local firms to maintain the land and green spaces. Now whereas the current problem facing new build freehold properties are not new, they can often be compared to leasehold properties. These homes saw a great deal of scrutiny and improvements because of action taken by people directly affected by the leasehold scandal as well as by groups such as HorNet. This intervention by groups like HorNet has seen a lot of pressure on management companies to offer compromises to the existing problem of rising fees and to provide buying guidance for first-time buyers many of which are unaware of the issue before contractually agreeing to buy the property.
This document delves into some of the critical problems that householders face in Fleecehold homes and discusses why this is a scandal waiting to unfold. The document will also provide an outline of some solutions that local councils can do to address this problem without direct intervention by government legislation. Now part of the initial issue is that the very definition of Free Hold is up for debate with Fleece Hold properties. It goes against the very definition of freehold where the owner owns the "title absolute" as they often do not have complete ownership of the land as other parties can claim against the property. With the other parties being able to stake a claim on the property having this form of overarching power over the householder, they can interfere with several processes that homeowners would reasonably expect to do. These include examples such as; apply to alter their property, be free from regular charge for adjacent land, obstruct the sale of the property.
This moves onto the next step of the home buyers issues with the Fleecehold property, and the house may well have elements that, although not miss-sold, are not highlighted to the buyer. Now whilst the buyer of this build would rightly be made aware of these issues or concern when the recommended solicitor has not emphasised this to the buyer. They are often only made aware of the situation just before it becomes a problem which they are unable to resolve. The sales team of the various housing associations can then compound the problem by suggesting that the only way for an effective sale to take place is to follow the guidance of the developer. Using the recommended conveyancer, which is compounded when the individual is unaware of the procedure when buying a house. This is often as many are first-time buyers or the first in their family to buy a property.
Now, this becomes a problem for the owner when they notice the maintenance charge this charge is often downplayed as a small management fee and typically one which is minor for the upkeep of unadopted areas which the council does not operate. This lack of information contributes to the start of often deeply problematic situation for the buyer as the critical information is often shrouded from them which is a process that needs to be hastily removed so that the individuals are not trapped in a system they cannot get out of. Now the stream of problems increases once the buyer has exchanged the necessary paperwork and is often in the property once the developer's agent sends over the essential documentation outlining the charge once the estate has been finished. This can vary from an initial minuscule amount to a significant financial burden similar to council tax or mortgage rates they are already paying. These ECPs or external common parts are owned not by the council but by a management company these companies can have a variety of different levels of thoroughness some maintaining the spaces well and others often giving minimal service for the extensive charges. These charges can frequently accumulate and grow over the years, causing homeowners to be unable to afford to pay the amount Estate Rent Charge or ERC. This ERC under specific laws which treat the owner as a Tenant allows management companies to take income from the owner or repossess the home until such a time that the debt is cleared. If the owner then attempts to settle this dispute, they can often then be refused due to the property being under the management of a trustee to oversee the reclaimant of funds. This coupled with a lack of legal protection often available to leaseholders but not granted to freeholders compounds the issue. They are left in a situation with no recourse to live in their usually newly furnished and designed property which many homebuyers have slaved over the aesthetics of their home. Leaving the homeowner, the option to sell their home. However, they are often shackled to it as many lenders and surveyors who know about Fleecehold properties will advise clients against the purchasing of the property in question. This leaves the owner in the situation where they cannot continue owning the property but may be unable to sell it. This could culminate in a perfect storm of a scandal waiting to happen unless acted upon promptly.
Now whilst banning the sale of these properties outright is not a viable solution as the UK demand for homes increases. The removal of the management fees and the granting of legal protection to homeowners so they can dispute the charges is crucial. One way of removing the charge would not be possible within the existing structure, so therefore the often argued solution to the problem is for councils to adopt these communal spaces both in terms of its maintenance and overall management. This solution is not usually the one pursued many instead elect a board of residents to manage the ownership of the management company to maintain the resident's estates effectively.
Now in other blogs, we will look at other potential solutions as well as proposals to safeguard the future of homeowners and avert the potential scandal in the waiting.
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-politics-51413320
https://www.homeownersrights.net/welcome-to-hornet/
https://www.dailypost.co.uk/news/north-wales-news/you-need-know-fleecehold-charges-17006131
Covid, the Countryside and Cities a Changing Landscape.
How has covid affected cities and what should we be looking for in terms of their recovery. In this article I look at the lessons that can be made and how we can apply a rural urban recovery that is fit for all.
With the start of the academic term with the impending return of learners to the classroom in a different environment to what they are familiar with. I am reminded of conversations I have had with friends and colleagues about the reluctance to return to the office. Now for many this likely started with the premise of being safer at home and then evolved into a growing realisation that working from home can offer its own benefits. For many it has saved time on the sufferable commute that many experience. It has provided its own flexibility around child care but this has been double edged for parents as well as care providers. In many areas the lack of travelling restored that sense of community and return of the neighbourhood as new tribes formed. Some people have also been far more productive at home the downside of which is those whose jobs rely on that fixed location have seen the backlash.
In these changing times when industries begin to reflect and change with many recognising the cost benefit, mental health benefits and environmental positives we also need to remember that this is not completely beneficial. Some areas will face graver consequences from a changing working system then others as some businesses rely on the office for their survival.
Some of the general benefits:
You are truly independent your work space is truly your own you can set it up to be at your most productive and could allow greater creativity. You can get more work done on the whole you spend less time commuting and engaging in the office drama. You’ll learn to excel in various forms of communication whether it be social media, zoom, or the forms of content delivery.
Some of the downsides:
Switching or rather lack their of it does your mental health no favours to not have an off switch it is better for your productivity and well being if you are able to effectively time manage you will ensure a greater success in your role. Sometimes you may feel you that you are not informed of the recent or ongoing developments. In some cases this could impact those seeking career growth maybe at a disadvantage if the talent market does not move with employee and work place demands. We also need to remember that our infrastructure is not ready for a profound shift utilities and other necessary provisions are not as robust in all areas of the country and this would have a consequence for productivity. Alongside the questions around productivity and the noticeable pros for the environment if we get used to this new environment we have to remember our own mental health. People need to switch off from their devices and the detachment of working elsewhere and taking a break when at home is more difficult when your office is your home. This is not mentioning how the housing market could be affected as city and commuter belt living see a decline will the rural countryside soar.
Now the environmental benefits:
When you work from home, you are closer to your own amenities you can cook at home rather then rely on shops or restaurants locally. This can cut down on your own expense as well as your waste throughout the day. You can save energy the less energy wasted the less pollution your impact has regulating your house is far cheaper and more cost effective then making the office temperature uniform for a variety of needs of the individuals in your office. The same for energy usage as you can choose what rooms are being utilised and which rooms are not working. On top of this the commute by saving money, fuel and time on the commute you effectively can use this time elsewhere as well as reduce your impact on the planet. Whilst we are moving towards greener forms of travel electric vehicles still have harmful supply chains and combustion fuels are being moved away from. These types of vehicles are also likely to become more expensive as the demand for electric vehicles increase whilst the incentives also increase. Cycling for many is still not likely to be a viable alternative many of our roads are not designed to accommodate cyclist outside of the outskirts of the city.
Now what would this mean for our urban areas how would they survive and what changes can we expect. Now cities are still going to remain a centre for knowledge and cultural sharing but as with the changes in the high street they would need to evolve. With people spending less time in the working day in town centres and cities they would likely need to either change their working hours or what they offer. Now one solution to this would be flexible working where shops and convenience areas are open later in the day at particular times which can attract not the commuter but specific shoppers. Now whilst historically people often flocked to cities following periods of change like Covid this could be a different opportunity to change our way of working due to the benefits of the digital age. The question is could cities be made better by this opportunity could we see investments in the arts, theatres and museums where these centre of the arts return to centre stage of our society. Cities certainly will benefit from transport networks which favour cycling, walking and restrictions on the car could enable better opportunities to move around our cities making use of the roads whereas outside of peak times these roads can be returned to cars and vans to restock shops, bars and restaurants. We can also add in areas for wildlife and greater green spaces which take onboard innovations in the urban landscape such as planting more trees on our paths, wildflower verges and better use of brownfield sites as well as green spaces. Yet for cities to not only survive but thrive we should but our residents first focusing on social and environmental cohesion. Cities should take on board urban planning that takes a more inventive approach looking at the example of the Dutch in terms of wildlife corridors to continue to allow nature a home in the city environment. Make our towns and cities stand on their own highlighting the factors that makes them unique and distribute the relevant sectors to the correct areas to share the wealth across the country making the most of the unique characters of these places. The pandemic has demonstrated the importance of cities' capacity to overcome challenges but they need to embed this into the health of their city ensuring that public services are structurally at the heart of their communities but equally ensuring they have the capacity to cope with a crisis. Countries need to recognise the importance of various sectors voluntary, public and private noting where they fit together and what skills can be learnt from them. To enable a green and robust urban and rural link the roads and other transport links need to reflect this ensuring that cars are focused to areas where they park and get to the areas of the city they need to via park and rides. Cycle routes which are safe and effective for the public to use ensuring their safety and security. Look at other systems that can be employed which cities such as Manchester, London and Blackpool have utilised such as metro links, trams and trains combined with effective routes for walking and cycling. Showcase what is the best practice in your local area and share this with your community.
https://www.monster.com/career-advice/article/pros-cons-of-working-from-home
https://www.capital-ges.com/the-environmental-benefits-of-remote-working/
https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/05/01/future-of-cities-urban-life-after-coronavirus-pandemic/
Summer Scorchers and where are all the Trees?
How to beat the heat with a novel solution by allowing a natural shelter to offer a cooling affect for our urban and rural environments. How trees can protect both us and the animals that share our surroundings.
With the UK currently in the midst of a heatwave the normally water logged country is getting a true British Summer. However, the heat is not for everyone our four legged friends can suffer and some die in the heat the weather does not always suit the elderly or certain industries (agriculture, horticulture). Many of us are suffering from hot offices due to air conditioning units being turned off because of Covid.
What’s the solution? Trees!
They offer shade for us and shelter for wildlife and a forest can be a number of degrees cooler then a field as it collectively absorbs the heat and light. So first of all looking at shade.
Trees can block nearly ninety percent of light and heat from our environment by offering shade and acting like a parasol. On top of this it cools the ground by shielding it from the sunlight. By allowing the ground to be cooler it encourages heat loss from us and our surroundings. This can have a relative affect of us feeling around eight degrees cooler celsius. Which is why both us and animals shelter in urban oasis’s or flock to the cooler countryside. For those in largely glass offices the benefit of planting across the suns path and incorporating this into the design process of the building shields you and the workforce by stopping or reducing light penetrating the windows. Some studies have looked at the benefit of trees vs air conditioning costs but this is only in the early stages of research. This is an important fact for countries like the UK as many of our homes do not have air conditioning and for those looking for a zero carbon solution to cooling their houses natural shade could be an option.
Now heat in the urban environment vs the country can be more noticeable as the largely glass and concrete buildings can increase the suns intensity. Solutions such as the living walls could offer solutions for both nature in a urban environment and heat absorption. In the countryside we have the luxury of a cooler environment but as planning increases house building we need a green plan to establish flora as an essential part of our environment. Evapotranspiration occurs on all trees but in urban trees as water evaporates off of their leaves it cools them and us as a secondly affect as the process uses the light and heat energy to evaporate the moisture.
Not all trees are created equal when planning your projects you need to think about the climates of your area. What type of soils do they thrive in? What type of buildings are they near to as you do not want the trees to damage infrastructure and subsequently get removed. Are the trees you are planting tolerant of your climates extremes some will tolerate droughts but not floods and plants like any species should be native in the first instance. If they are of a different variety make sure they are sourced from a registered company and seller.
Now trees and other natural tools can offer us a valuable resource other suggestions to use them to enrich local areas by producing fruit which are for all in the community is another possible avenue to explore.